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Title
PHON:E:ME
Artist
Mark Amerika
Date
June 1999
Location
Online

Object Details

Type
Media Arts (Internet Art)
Technology Used
800 x 600 pixels screen; 4+ browser: Netscape, Internet Explorer; Shockwave 7; Real and/or MP3 player: G2 (Real), Quicktime 4 (MP3), Winamp (MP3-PC)
Credit Line
Commissioned by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center with additional support from the Australia Council for the Art's New Media Fund, the Perth Institute of Contemporary Art and the Jerome Foundation.

overview Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME , June 1999

Joseph Beuys asked us to see his objects and performances as stimulants for the transformation of contemporary art practice into what would become the development of a new kind of social sculpture, “an expanded concept of art.” Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME, a commissioned Web project schedule to launch June 24 [1999], asks its audience of net-connected, interactive participants to expand their concept of what a writing practice is. Amerika uses original sound tracks, text, and advanced programming to blur the borders between spoken, written, and sculpted artistic forms. Part oral narrative, part experimental sound collage, and part written hypertext, PHON:E:ME also addresses the new possibilities of both conceptual and performance art in network culture.

The sound works associated with PHON:E:ME were developed with Minneapolis-based sound artist Erik Belgum and composed with a specially programmed speech synthesizer that uses the artist’s own voice. This tailor-made synthesizer was created by sampling the artist’s voice as he speaks all of the phonemes of the English language as well as mimics other electronica sounds, such as drum kits and bass lines.

Mark Amerika is the Founding Director of the Alt-X Online Publishing Network. His GRAMMATRON project (http://www.grammatron.com) was released in June 1997 and is one of the most widely accessed art sites on the World Wide Web. He is the author of two novels, The Kafka Chronicles and Sexual Blood.

Walker Art Center Calendar, Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME, June 1999.

Walker Art Center, 1999.

commentary Comments on Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME , 1999

A large part of so-called interactive services on the web are, despite the high-tech ergonomics of computer and interface design, actually very intimate technologies; the porn industry, IRC, CU-SeeMe, webcams, and other web-tech have shown us how a safe distance of immediacy in bodies can be aided by a transparent technology. Mark Amerika’s phon:e:me, explores this region, with the main difference that what is emphasized in phon:e:me, is the simultaneous immediacy and the total mediation of the voice’s body.

Like the tradition of avant-gardist inquires into the sonority and primacy of the voice (Hugo Ball, Kurt Schwitters, the Lettrists), Amerika takes the voice as a network of sounds, always struggling but never quite able to reach the outside of language. Like the tradition of electro-accoustic inquiries into the technical manipulation of voice (Pierre Henry, Henri Chopin), the “natural” voices in phon:e:me, are never prior to or separate from the digital technologies used to cut and recombine them.

]]]] bioinformatic bodies ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]] http://gsa.rutgers.edu/maldoror/index.html
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] _ ]]]]]] ftp_formless_anatomy ]]]]]]]]
http://www.formless.org ]]]]]]]] _ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
maldoror@eden.rutgers.edu ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] _ ]]]]]]]]]]]]

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] _ ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]] Fake_Life Platform ]]]]
http://web.t0.or.at/fakeshop/fake_life.html ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

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Eugene Thacker, Comments on Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME, 1999.

Eugene Thacker, 1999. First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center for PHON:E:ME.

commentary Comments on Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME , 1999

I’ve always been interested in concurrent texts and the potential for the layering of meaning in online spaces. It’s probably why I find Mark Amerika’s work compelling. Since Grammatron, Amerika has created works that have operated on numerous levels in regards to media, narrative, and characterization. In phon:e:me, we are confronted with this simultaneity that beckons our interaction while the piece’s media come at you all at once. You click on the three main sections, but it’s no use. A narrative element shifts, or an aphorism flies by, causing any hope of linear narrative to slip through my mouse fingers. Amerika has created a literary cloud of information that the ‘reader’ is forced to float through, an aptly named “dreamworld for an (im)material society” (Art Dirt). Although he has introduced elements of dimensionality in the VRML-based Holo-X, phon:e:me operates in a number of parallel two-dimensional layers, piquing my curiosity in regards to what direction Amerika’s next work will take us. Will it be into the denser layering of characterization and narration as in phon:e:me, or into perceptual layering as in Holo-X and Matt Kirschenbaum’s experiments in textuality using three-dimensions. Regardless, if phon:e:me is any indication, Amerika’s work will continue to be provocative, entertaining, and will push the reader’s perceptual bandwidth.

Patrick Lichty
voyd@raex.com
http://web.raex.com/~voyd

Patrick Lichty, Comments on Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME, 1999.

Patrick Lichty, 1999. First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center for PHON:E:ME.

essay Ten Reflections on Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME , 1999

PHON:E:ME. Mark Amerika gives us at least three ways to pronounce the title of his piece. Is it “Phoneme”? Or “Phone Me?” Or “Phony Me”? There’s an interesting logic to these alternatives. Just as quantum physics describes the universe alternatively in terms of waves and particles, so linguistics describes language in two ways. Language is at the same time structure and communication. Language as structure faces inward. It is a closed, internally coherent, system. Phonemes relate only to other phonemes. But language as communication faces outward. When you phone me, both of us get opened up and changed in the process. Energy and information are transferred between us. Our relationship is different than it was before. Structure and communication are mutually incompatible, just as waves and particles are. But just as waves and particles are both necessary for a description of the physical universe, so structure and communication are both necessary for a description of language. Postmodern theory suggests that the “self” is a fiction. This is not the same thing as saying that the self is not real. The self is perfectly real; it just isn’t substantial. The self is real in the way that a reflection in a mirror is real. Or better, it is real in the way that processed food is real. The self is an illusion–a “phony me"–because it seems to stand by itself, when in fact it is an effect of other processes. We think of ourselves as selves because of our capacities for self-conscious reflection on the one hand, and social agency on the other. But introspection and self-consciousness can only exist within the framework of language-as-structure. And action and agency can only exist within the framework of language-as-communication. The "phony me” resonates at the intersection between the “phoneme” and the “phone me.” PHON:E:ME is about intersections on many levels. Instead of intersections, we might well say ratios. Marshall McLuhan wrote that every new development in technology establishes a new ratio between the senses. The Internet is then only the latest in a long series of sensorial mutations. Mark Amerika works at the critical point where new sensory ratios are starting to emerge. Most obviously, his piece plays with the intersection between the ear and the eye, between what we hear and what we see. More subtly, it also explores a disjunction within the eye itself: between what we can read and what we can only look at. And most surprisingly of all, perhaps, the piece explores the gap between the active and receptive senses: between the immediacy of tactile contact and the distance of what we hear and see, and especially of what we read. The hand is important in PHON:E:ME, because I use it to move the mouse. There is nothing so simple here as clicking on hyperlinks; but gradually, as I push the cursor back and forth, my movements seem to correlate with changing chunks of text. Amerika seems to suggest that the body doesn’t entirely dissolve in cyberspace; though it does becomes less dense, and its actions more oblique. Not a dissolution of body into mind, but perhaps a new ratio between them. The modernist ideals of self-consciousness and self-reflexivity were once seen as means for resisting hegemonic culture. The modernist spectator was supposed to be alienated from the work, made aware of its status as a representation. The work of art was supposed to reflect back upon itself, to foreground its own fictionality, to reveal, and to revel in, its status as a construction. It was supposed to become its own end and justification. And it was supposed to be subversive: to violate the bourgeois social and political order, together with the laws of representation. Today, these strategies of displacement, demystification, and transgression are no longer rebellious or avant-garde. Rather, we take them all for granted as techniques of TV advertising. This is a big problem for those artists who still want to “make it new,” as well as for those cultural theorists who still want to find moments of utopia, redemption, or resistance. Mark Amerika faces this problem in a startling way. He doesn’t try to finesse it, or step around it, or transcend it. Rather, he meets the dilemma head on, by embracing it without reserve. Amerika knows that the culture of global capitalism is the all-too-legitimate heir of modernist aesthetics. And he knows that he shares in this sinister genealogy–as do we all, like it or not. That is why PHON:E:ME, in both content and form, is to a great extent an advertisement for itself. One of its main subjects is a meditation on the ways the artist can turn his/her identity (“phony me”) into an instantly recognizable brand name. Of course, this does not mean that self-advertising is all there is to the work. Far from it. But self-promotion is an aspect of the work that can never be excluded from it. Amerika’s highly self-conscious art-entrepreneurialism seeps into and contaminates everything else the work does. Shamans in ancient societies traded their powers for social prestige. Amerika the “techno-shaman” does the same, knowing that commodification as a celebrity is the form that such prestige takes in the world today. All the cool new aesthetic strategies of the postmodern world–appropriation, remixing, unlimited digital reproduction, synaesthetic convergence, and so on–are revolutionary tools for the production of new modes of consciousness. But it’s precisely because of this fact–and not in spite of it–that these strategies are also the means for creeping commercialization. After all, if the techno-shaman’s methods weren’t so powerful, we wouldn’t have to worry about multinational corporations scheming to control them. In other words: there aren’t any artists who don’t hustle. Amerika is simply more rigorous about this situation than most. He refuses to pretend that the hustle is somehow extraneous to the work. On the contrary, he incorporates the hustle into the work directly. Indeed, he makes it the very point of the work’s formal self-reflection. In this sense, PHON:E:ME is Adorno’s nightmare. The formal techniques of modernism were supposed to create a critical distance between the artist and the world, and between the spectator and the spectacle. But Amerika uses these very same techniques to show that there is no distance. In the postmodern world, the network is everything. Everything is beautifully and hideously interconnected. Amerika’s work is not subversive, in the ways that modernist art was once supposed to be. Instead, it is something subtler and more insidious. PHON:E:ME is a virus, or perhaps a fly in the ointment. It works in the mode of infiltration and infection. Instead of challenging the priority of the commodity system, it injects that system with a little of its own venom. It creates dubious slippages at those points where the system seems to be most coherent, and where its distinctions are believed to be most firm. Network congestion, for instance, is not for Amerika just an irritant, something that interrupts the smooth flow of information. Rather, net congestion is creative. It mutates existing patterns of meaning, continuously generating new ones. Instead of always futilely trying to dampen the noise, we might consider how better to incorporate the noise into the signal itself. Or consider the play, throughout PHON:E:ME, between ownership (copyright) on one hand, and unrestricted proliferation (“copyleft”) on the other. Digital technologies allow both for the uncontrolled replication of data (as in the current frenzy surrounding MP3) and for an unprecedented degree of tracking and control of those same data (as in the proposed Secure Digital Music Initiative). Amerika zeroes in on the points at which these alternatives blur and cross over. Does unlimited digital proliferation mean that the artist, like the multinational corporation, attempts to corner the market, making everything into a clone of his or her own viral meme? Or does it mean that the artist must do everything to protect his or her trademark from unauthorized replication and corporate appropriation? Or does it mean, instead, that the art producer must be a quick-change artist, continually mutating himself or herself at a frantic rate? Becoming a brand name, selling one’s “phony me” to the public, might ironically turn out to be the best way for the artist to keep a step ahead of the inevitable forces of co-optation and standardization. Amerika’s ironies come in many layers. Just as there is no linear narrative to PHON:E:ME, so also there is no last instance, no bottom line. In Gertrude Stein’s famous phrase, there is no there there. PHON:E:ME gives me a vertiginous sense of weightlessness, as is so often the case with postmodern works. But in this instance at least, weightlessness should not be confused with blankness. In PHON:E:ME, the bland shrug of the TV viewer gives way to the febrile excitement of the virtual explorer. I cannot just sit back and passively consume the piece. I must get involved in it. To receive it, I must become an active collaborator, alongside Mark Amerika and the six other artists who joined him in making the piece. Of course, this sort of commitment is precisely what the modernist avant-garde demanded of its spectators. But in high modernism, getting involved with difficult works in this way was a profoundly elitist activity. Decoding Finnegans Wake, or learning to appreciate the paintings of Barnett Newman, was rather like being initiated into a secret society. Whereas the collaboration demanded of us by PHON:E:ME is much more open and down to earth. It’s pleasurable, though with a faint whiff of embarrassment or complicity. It’s like wearing Nike shoes, or having a latte at Starbuck’s. What could be more democratic, and more ironic, than that?

Steven Shaviro, Ten Reflections on Mark Amerika’s PHON:E:ME, 1999.

Steven Shaviro, 1999. First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center for PHON:E:ME.

essay IT PUTS THE WOW IN “WOW” , 1999

For Erik Belgum, the appeal of creating audio for a work entitled PHON:E:ME must have been instantaneous. For over 15 years he has created prose narratives, using compositional techniques from avant-garde music, and audio/soundtext works that have focused almost exclusively on speech.

For instance, in a short 1994-1995 piece called Blabbermouth, composed for the radio art series New American Radio, he created a “speechsynthesizer” out of the phonemes of his own voice. _Blabbermouth_begins with a wash of sound and gradually transforms into random linear combinations, then into asemblance of words, and finally into actual English words.

Belgum’s recent approach to speech–and one he has used most successfullyin Network Congestion: Still Life with Artificially Constructed Psychobabble–revolves around the idea of resonance. As Belgum wrote in a recent email,

Resonance with its beautifully suited literary, musical, acoustic and linguistic (phonetic) connotations, seems to me a very rich resource and strangely absent from much Western music, at least absent as a parameter that composers consider to be on par with pitch and rhythm.

And it is a particularly valuable resource if you are working with speech. As Belgumnotes, resonance is the life blood of speech: It turns “s” into “sh”, an “e” into “I”; it makes dipthongs possible. It puts “the wow in ‘wow.’” It is what makes speech work.

Belgum uses resonance as a parameter in Net Congestion in much the sameway a songwriter uses pitch or a percussionist uses rhythm.

He also makes use of recording technology as an extension of the articulatory organs of speech. Distortion extends fricatives and voiced sounds. Phase vocoding extends breath support. Filters extend the resonance of nasal and oral cavities. The PHON:E:ME soundtrack re:mix plays with them all.

If, like me, you do not have a fast modem, but hear your sound as it comes over a phone line and a 28.8 Kbps or 33.6 Kbps modem and is reconstructed by your RealPlayer, you may yearn for some help in understanding Belgum’s text. I did. But then, this is a work bearing the title Net Congestion, and it is made to be heard in this way–as a linear piece in which breaks between sounds, particularly in the opening sections, play an important role. My first audition took place while I was reading Amerika’s text. I had clicked my browser, relegating the RealAudio information box to the background of my desktop. I didn’t know until I brought it forward again to listen more closely that many of the kisses and pops and silences were not composed directly into the work but were there thanks to net congestion and the efforts of the RealPlayer to minimize lost or temporarily missing packets of sound. This gives added and I’m sure intended meaning to the author’s name as it appears on the Real Audio information box: “being reconfigured.” Each time buffering occurs, Belgum’s piece is reconfigured. What you hear is not what I hear. It is a different composition every time it is played, authored as it is by Belgum and the ever-changing net environment.

Listen carefully! In addition to percussion and other musical and musicalized sounds, altered as described above, you will hear phonemes transform into words, messages delivered, critical commentary made, and unless I miss my guess, multiple narrations told simultaneously. A lot of very careful thought has gone into this work.

Helen Thorington
New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc.
newradio@ interport.net
http://turbulence.org
http://somewhere.org

Helen Thorington, IT PUTS THE WOW IN “WOW”, 1999.

Helen Thorington, 1999. First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center for PHON:E:ME.

interview Interview with Mark Amerika , 1999 (Steve Dietz interviewed Mark Amerika via email June 21-23, 1999)

Steve Dietz: How do you pronounce the name of your new project?

Mark Amerika: Usually I pronounce it “PHO-neme,” like the sound unit it is. But there are other pronunciations, like “phone-E-me,” with an emphasis on that middle E.

SD: You refer to PHON:E:ME as the new-media version of a “concept album.” If you were presenting the concept to Tim Robbins' character in The Player, what would it be?

MA: It’s DJ electronica meets Firesign Theater meets Marcel Duchamp.

SD: You’ve identified your work to date as being “the endless short story” (Ron Sukenick) or in the vein of Joyce’s “exactly one text.” Situate_PHON:E:ME_ in relation to your previous work and what you have in mind for the future.

MA: I’ve often thought that all of my work is part of the same text, or work-in-progress, and that everything I do, in the end, comes down to writing or a writing-practice. And PHON:E:ME is no different. Looking back on my recent work, I can see how GRAMMATRON was quite literally the pivotal project that was both the end of one trilogy and the beginning of another. That is, GTRON began as my third novel (after The Kafka Chronicles and Sexual Blood), but the content of the story was so caught up in the radical changes taking place in network culture that I had no choice but to make the project a web-based narrative that worked against the old book production model. That is, I wanted to practice what the story was metafictionally preaching.

At the same time, GTRON was the start of a new trilogy of work thatfocuses on the interrelationship of text, image, and sound in network-distributed environments. Clearly the emphasis in GTRON was on text, particularly hypertext and randomly generated text. With PHON:E:ME the emphasis is on sound-writing, with hypermediated text (in the Shockwave design) and very little attention placed on imagery per se.

The third project in this electro-trilogy is tentatively entitled FILMTEXT and will be a (streaming) video installation that explores writing in a more image-oriented narrative space. A sort of Godardian language experiment meets Chris Marker La Jette cinescripture experiment meets Nanook of the North pseudo-documentary experiment. In fact, FILMTEXT will also investigate the use of symbolic media in that I now have access to the same 35mm Victory camera that [Robert] Flaherty used to shoot Nanook :-) If all goes well, it will “take place” in the American desert and Australian Outback instead of the freezing north of Canada.

SD: You collaborated closely with Erik Belgum and Brendan Palmer on the soundtracks and with Anne Burdick and Cam Merton on the design and programming. Is this collaboration more like a film, where everyone has his or her skills or is it something else–a new kind of culture-jamming?

MA: Yes, absolutely, this is a collaborative culture-jam, and more like a team network experience than a filmmaking experience, though clearly there are some similarities. Basically, I think it’s necessary for artists who primarily consider themselves writers to break away from this “individual author as genius” model. Throughout the creation of PHON:E:ME I felt more like a director or project leader, one who knew where the project needed to go but who also left a tremendous amount of flexibility in the organic design of the whole so that the various collaborators could bring their own vision into its development.

All of the artists involved in PHON:E:ME bring totally differentskills to the project. Erik brings in the experimental sound-writing experience, Anne brings in the state-of-the-art design/writing experience, Brendan brings in the sonic youth DJ experience, and Cam brings in the artist-as-programmer angle. Meanwhile, everyone’s work on PHON:E:ME is informed by the conceptual design that I brought to the project and that ultimately manifested itself as writing. Writing as text, writing assound, writing as interface design, writing as experience. By writing asexperience I mean to say that I was able to work closely with the collaborators in their various locales, including Minneapolis, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Perth.

SD: With PHON:E:ME, even more than with GTRON, the relationships between what a user is reading and hearing is arbitrary–random. At times, I read you more as a filter or medium than an author or even performer. Which character in PHON:E:ME do you identify with most strongly and which the least?

MA: That’s a good read. I’ve always thought of writing as filtering, especially in the mediumistic sense. Writer as techno-shaman: filtering the white noise exploding in his skull and digitally editing it all into some on-the-fly re:mix.

As far as the interface goes, the random or arbitrary nature of the various elements at the users' control is intentional so that they too can “conduct” a “remix” to their own liking. What we offer is the source material, albeit a very stylized and specific set of source material, where we control most of the parameters.

As you hint toward the end of your question, in the hyper:liner:notes there are lots of concept-characters and I must admit that I can relate to them all. In many ways, they really are the same “person,” or make up one concept-character. The Hearing Ear Man is your wise old self, whatever your age is. The New Media Economist is the ever-adjustable You figuring out a way to survive in the electrosphere. The Network Conductor is so in tune with her life that she just needs to organically orchestrate her life-work into being. The Web Jockey and No Mo Pomo are artist-freaks looking for a way to maintain their integrity while playing on the fringes of the mainstream culture. The Spiritual Unconscious, who makes infrequent appearances and who always seems to be around when the TV is left on, is a kind of silent partner whose purposeless play plays tricks on your mind. Not to mention all of the other sonoluminescent concept-characters of nonspecific gender traits….

SD: What is Alt-X?

MA:Alt-X is an online network I started back in late 1993. It began mostly as a conceptual art experiment, one that challenged the basic formula for getting work done by a group of writers to an audience they knew was out there. It actually started as gopher site. But once the GUI web browsers (i.e., Mosaic) became a reality, the site transformed itself into a space where hypertextual investigation was key–still with an emphasis on writing. Our review forum on all things new media and theoretical, ebr (electronic book review), is perhaps the most intricately designed and hypertextually self-reflexive journal on the web.

When Real Audio became a reality and our net.radio program, Alt-X Audio, came into being, we began experimenting with sound-writing. Recently, we launched a very controversial 3-D (VRML) site called Holo-X in conjunction with Berkeley Interactive Design, which experiments with narrative in ways still very new to the web. We also have scores of interviews with well-known writers and artists and are growing a digital archive of postmodern literary classics.

Finally, I would point out that Alt-X _is recognized as _the premiere site on the web for net art developments that grow out of the rival tradition in literature and, as such, we have been major free speech activistspromoting a censor-free cyberspace. With this in mind, I should say that I am once again (like in New Mexico last year) a plaintiff in a major case against the government, this time in Michigan, to stop an unconstitutional net censorship law from going into effect (http://www.aclumich.org/briefs/cyberbrief.htm).

SD: Given that you have your own publishing network and that you are intellectually and philosophically invested in net culture, what are the pros and cons of working with an institution like the Walker for you and for net artists in general?

MA:It’s a good question because, since Alt-X has such a huge audience, the idea of locating an audience via an institutional mediator is not as important as it once was. Still, the Walker has a different audience than Alt-X and has a different set of resources than Alt-X. So it makes sense for net artists who have been fortunate enough to build their own popular sites to collaborate with some of the more far-thinking institutional sites, like the Walker.

As I said in the Shock of the View, “we might go so far as to say that the institutionalized art world, once confined exclusively to the continuous exhibition of various art objects and installations in physical space, will need to start radically reevaluating its ability to maintain socialrelevance while branding its cultural imprint on the screenal spaces connected via the net.” So on one level, our collaboration is less about the artists per se and more about “audience development”–so with that in mind, maybe what we’re really doing here is “co-branding,” which from what I can tell is a very popular way of building market share in the e-merging new-media economy :-)

SD: Who are your heroes?

MA: Well, as you can imagine, they’re mostly antiheroes. Henry Miller, Count Lautremont, Artaud, Burroughs, Acker, etc. This is the writing lineage my work springs from. Contemporary writers like Ron Sukenick and Ray Federman. And a lot of my best friends, some of whom have very little to do with the arts, are the people I look up to most. They respect me for what I’m doing, although most of them think I should be parlaying this net art thing into a successful business enterprise.

SD: Given the success of Alt-X, I would assume that you do not feel the commercialization of the Internet overwhelms its more radical possibilities. But “support” of net artists continues to be a problematic issue. Is “net.art.com” the answer? How can individuals and institutions sustain net practice?

MA: This is a huge question and requires a long answer, even at the risk of sounding long-winded. And my answer may surprise you.

The commercialization of the net is a double-edged sword. In one sense, it’s been a total drag because most users' expectations of what a website should do for them is now in large part being predetermined by the corporate aesthetic (oxymoron?). So that when users come to a website that presents itself as a work of art, a lot of times, whether they like it or not, they have assumptions that have been molded or shaped by previous interaction with corpo sites. One example of this takes place at the level of links, or linking, as a consumer process. Users expect to have choices and these choices manifest themselves as link options. But is linking really the way to create D-I-Y ontology?

The dictum I invented, “I link therefore I am,” is more subtle than most people would believe in that it mocks the idea that only by linking, by consuming, by pointing and clicking and thus consuming, can we really BE. There is a danger in all of this, particularly as it relates to the illusion of control, or choice.

That’s why institutional support of alternative net practices is essential not only to artists, but to the culture at large. Works that challenge the corpo aesthetic’s “illusion of control” can cause the user to reflect on the nature of the medium he or she is using and perhaps point the way to a more proactive model of cultural production, instead of passive consumption (this is what Alt-X, I’d suggest, is a great model of). Net art as an antidote to a society drowning in information sickness.

Projects like GTRON and PHON:E:ME or the viral interfaces of jodi.org are always playing with the idea of user-interaction, bringing to the surface questions of control and the idiotic connection between empowerment and convenience. On the other hand, defamiliarizing the corpo web interface is almost standard routine in net art practice these days and, although there is value in that, it’s almost as if net art as commodity terrorism, or as a deconstruction of corporate culture, is becoming clichéd. That is to say: boring.

But the real problem I see with most net artists working today is that they are almost too eager to try and raise their value in the speculative art markets all in the name of “success.” I mean, does selling a web artwork for $500 or even $2,000 suggest a huge breakthrough in the slow-to-emerge net art market? When it comes to the net economy, working the corpo sphere and initiating IPOs is where the money is. I’d go so far as to say that the net entrepreneur who has a great idea that attracts investment dollars that he or she grows into a multimillion-dollar public company is in many ways the 90s version of a conceptual artist, one with much more relevance, value, and earnings potential than a series of net art gimmicks being played out in the overfunded media centers of Europe. I mean, if you want to play the market, then play the market. That’s what it’s there for. If not, then just focus on developing your practice and accept the sacrifice you’ve made to humanity by followingthrough on these admirable pursuits.

I know this seems harsh. But if net artists want “support” that will enable them to survive in the electropshere, it doesn’t seem logical to depend on major art institutions for that support. Sure, artists should always try and negotiate that support (more power to them), and there willbe a few of us who can build brand-name identity via our net projects and who might be able to squeeze a minor living out of it, but in general I’d say the support for net art is decreasing right now instead of increasing. Maybe it will all change for the better and works like GRAMMATRON will sell for six figures on e-Bay one day. But I’m not banking on it.

Here’s an idea for a new work I’ve been thinking about for a few months now. In light of what I’ve just been saying, it’s something to mentally gnaw on:

PROJECT TITLE: RETIREMENT FUND
ARTIST: MARK AMERIKA

CONCEPT: Institutional sponsor (could be a major museum or online broker or both working as partners) gives a $50,000 commission to the artist for the direct purpose of investing it in the stock market for one year. Artist metafictionally documents his experience “playing the market” by creating RETIREMENT FUND website. At the end of the year, the sponsor gets the website and the artist gets whatever is left in his online account.

Steve Dietz, Interview with Mark Amerika, 1999.

First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center, 1999.

essay UnMarking Amerika , 1999

What becomes of desire? This is the question that animates all of Mark Amerika’s work. It’s a question of folding and unfolding, implicating and explicating desire, across any and every surface of convenience. Surfaces of music, sex, language, sex, technology, sex….

But desire is not free. The surfaces where it happens are not smooth, are not slippery enough. It is always snagging on something along the way.

This snagging, this catching of desire in something other than its own folds, is what creates its identity, its sense of self. Out of this identity come two processes of channeling it into something other than itself simply becoming itself. One is hierarchy; the other is exchange.

Hierarchy and exchange are the principles of spaces that are not smooth–the spaces of state and market. One thing that’s distinctive in Mark Amerika’s work is that state and market are not abstract entities. They are the present in the friction of desire working itself out in the most everyday practices. Not just the book and the author, but the sentence and its meaning are constantly snagging on these two kinds of sandpaper space, these unsmooth spaces.

Sometimes Mark Amerika seems to be wanting to become hard and expansive, to erase the book and the author by abrading the sentence itself against these grids, rubbing them away. It’s like that famous Situationist text bound in sandpaper covers–designed to wear down anything next to it on the shelf. At other times, it’s a matter of making desire fluid enough to ooze through the cracks in the grid, to become of all things yielding, and disappear into infinitude.

You can find both these strategies in his books, The Kafka Chronicles and Sexual Blood, and in Grammatron, his anti-hypertext work. The way to escape the confrontation between desire turned into identity, caught up in state and market, is to become soft or hard, become a Big Idea or a dribble of come. It’s the latter way that usually matters. Everything dribbles and leaks, everything turns to goo. Bits of flesh and metal and various tools don’t so much plug together as glom together. Everything turns to cheese.

The 19th-century novel is a snakes-and-ladders game of hierarchy and exchange. Characters are always moving up and down the hierarchy; they are always winning and losing at exchange. This moving-and-losing business is called narrative. The modern novel is about opposing the game, or more usefully, just escaping it. The postmodern novel arrives at the melancholy conclusion that while characters can escape the game, they, the book, and the author take the game with them wherever they go. You can take the player out of the game, but you can’t take the game out of the player.

And so, in Kathy Acker and in Mark Amerika, the problem is not how to get the player out of the game, but the game out of the player. This will be a long journey. It’s not an inward journey, for that would just reinforce the snag, the bind of identity caught in the grid that shapes it. It has to be a journey outward.

So there is always a gesture toward justice (sometimes just a jest) to the Big Idea, the hard, pure abstract concept, the crystal plane that is one way not to get caught up in state and market. But mostly it’s down the rabbit hole and away. Working like the old mole, underground, snuffling the dank and the earth, undermining the foundations. Mark Amerika is a pilgrim without progress, just escape, an escape that unsnags desire, so that desire might find the most infinitesimal crack through which to spurt, gush, or drip. It’s an unmarking of Amerika, erasing the signs or rotting the paper out from underneath.

It’s not enough, this process, if it just happens within the borders of the page. On the other side of that border still are hierarchy and exchange. It’s not enough to be a writer any more. Even if the writer or the artist is Political or whatever. If it stops at the border of the page or the institution that maintains the border of the page, then it’s tame.

Indeed, art and writing that maintain an identity of being Political are usually completely snagged on hierarchy and exchange. They no longer become what they signify. They become just signs that can be exchanged and ranked for their meaning. So alongside this business of the leaky, drippy writing that happens within the space of the text, there is also the problem of writing the space itself. Writing it not just in words, but in tools, relations, circuits.

Here comes the Big Idea side of the escape plan again: conceptualize writing as a material practice. One that is about putting together words and readings and writers and readers in new spaces–ones that are still smooth enough for desire to unfold in them with a little less friction, a little less drag, and a consequent lowering of the coefficient of identity.

If there is an ethic in Mark Amerika’s work, it is: seek virtuality. Seek out the zones where desire makes itself out of itself, folding and unfolding, not where it is shaped and shadowed by hierarchy and exchange. Left to its own devices, desire is plug'n'play. It disaggregates, unfurling elements that can enter into any and every possible relation, which then reassemble from the smallest unit to a new aggregate.

Which is what happens sometimes in PHON:E:ME. Palettes of sound, of voice, selections and combinations from those palettes that suggest not an ideal form of art object (classicism) or ideal being of artistic subject (romanticism), but a zone of virtuality, here in the folding and unfolding of sense and nonsense.

The thing of it is, desire cannot really come into itself negatively. As soon as it knows itself only to the extent that it is negated by state or market, made over in the latter’s image, it is no longer desire. It is the mirror of identity reflecting the powers that be. The mirror of identity is the mirror of the sign, representation, and meaning. It is the mirror that speaks truth to power–the traditional function of the Political artist or intellectual. But this truth is only the mirror of power, a representation of it, its alter ego, its negative image.

Desire, left to its own devices, which are any and every device it lays its sweaty, sticky hand on, is not interested in representations and their meaning. It interests itself in the materiality of signs, their expressive potential to differentiate and permutate. Sometimes this is a matter of breaking up representation into minimal units, not to fracture meaning and replace it with fragmentation, but to _ release the potential polyvalence of any material sign, from a color to a note to a phoneme._

What I like about the Mark Amerika and Brendan Palmer collaborations for PHON:E:ME is the way the voice contributes the occasional Big Idea–a flat plane that unfolds a horizon in which the sound might possibly come into being while it glops and goops its way through the analog circuitry Palmer plugs and plays to make it so. The sound has its own momentum, chugging and squawking, making itself out of itself, to which Palmer adds the odd tweak and nuzzle, twisting the plane this way and that. The plane upon which the sound materializes is smooth, but not even. It has twists and warps, but not grids. It’s the sound of art and technology, making itself out of itself.

Art returns to politics and business, to state and market, in this fashion–as an escape down the rabbit hole that pops up again when it has liberated new zones of virtuality. State and market chase after it, trying to capture these flows in the grid of hierarchy and exchange, trying to make art and the artist speak of their meaning, contain themselves in identity. But art, if it has any sense, is down the rabbit hole again, unmarking its borders, erasing its traces.

Every now and then, Mark Amerika pops up somewhere. There is recognition, there is a check in the mail. No artist can exist entirely outside the grid. But he marks the Amerikan landscape with his presence to gesture to what lies somewhere beneath it, hidden in its shadow. Then he’s off again, unmarking the way elsewhere.

McKenzie Wark’s most recent book is Celebrities, Culture and Cyberspace, published by Pluto Press Australia http://socialchange.net.au/pluto/. With Brad Miller, he co-produced the multimedia work Planet of Noise http://sysx.apana.org.au/pon. He lectures in media studies at Macquarie University in Sydney Australia. http://www.mcs.mq.edu.au/~mwark

McKenzie Wark, UnMarking Amerika, 1999.

McKenzie Wark, 1999. First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center for PHON:E:ME.

essay Amerika, Ink , 1999

Amerikana

I have on my shelves, from the days when I still held onto such things, a minor artifact of contemporary print culture: Black Ice, issue number 7, featuring “Amerika at War: The Mini-Series,” October 1991. In my copy of the magazine, there’s a note from the author on light green paper: Ron Sukenick suggested that he send me a copy. He hopes I enjoy it. I should let him know what I think of it.

In those days, it was still possible to meet Mark Amerika through the older literary channels. Sukenick had read and approved an essay of mine on Norman Mailer. And now I was being introduced to a writer my age, a Mailer for the nineties, ready to make his own mind and body a battleground for the national psyche. Amerika, for a name, was too good. And so was the narrative “mini-series,” which opens with a struggle between four-star General Psyche and one Major Uptight for possession of the American Dream, in the person of (what else?) a sexy blond, a “southern Belle masquerading as an Airman who once thought that military might equaled education/money/security/decent standard of living/a future.”

Amerika once worked as a bicycle courier in New York City. In Florida, while still in high school, he worked 40-hour weeks at the local greyhound racetracks. What messages were inside the letters he carried and delivered through the city? What were the risks in the loans and deals that passed through his hands at the tracks? Artist, Inc. At what moment in history was authorship not a commodity? Artistic autonomy arose with the commodity and articulated itself against the commodity (especially after male writers observed the popularity of bestselling fiction for women–much of it by women who were often constrained to anonymity, or forced to publish under male names). Authorship as an early form of electronic chat-room drag? Something like this may be behind Amerika’s early bid for possession of that masquerading blonde.

A list of “influences” and “affiliated projects” from Mark, who answered my email requests, can only appear incomplete. Sukenick, Raymond Federman, Kathy Acker, theory profs at Florida and UCLA…. Enough for me to get a sense of his supporting network, but to him it feels like “scratching the service”:

(like what about Ginsberg, many other FC2 writers, the zine scene, and all of the unknowns [stock investors, gamblers, and prostitutes] who have helped me turn my work into an ongoing ungoing IPO [initial public offering], a trick of the trade…)

If Amerika is an artist, like Mailer, who takes his own self-creation as his primary theme, equivalent to the perpetual discovery and invention of America, that should not obscure the multitude of supporting roles and mediating angels contained in the person of the artist: friends, fellow writers, publishers, editors, souls met on the road. Whitman’s multitudes; Kerouac’s Dharma Bums. The material world and its powerful systems of communication and transportation.

The author’s essentially corporate identity is also obscured by a North American tendency to reduce all noncommercial language to mere personal expression. The soul of the artist, if not the arts themselves, must remain unincorporated. In a 1996 Wilson Quarterly attack on Amerika and other Alt-X writers, John Barth reaffirmed a neoliberal faith in the free agency of aesthetic production. Writers should leave publishing to the publishers. And leave word processing to Apple and Microsoft. The writer’s job ends with the delivery of a clean manuscript.

Thus speaks Barth, from within his professorship at Johns Hopkins–a writer who made his career before the pressures of a newly conglomerated book industry could be felt at the source of literary production. A brand-name experimentalist can still find channels of distribution and survive the decline of independent bookstores (now less than 1,000 throughout the United States, half the number of coffee stations that Starbucks aims to establish by the millennium). The situation for a beginning fiction writer is different today. Is it any wonder that such a writer should feel a need to imagine, not only a fictional world, but the networks through which a work of fiction reaches an audience?

Douglas Nufer, contributing editor to the American Book Review and owner of a wine shop in Seattle, has been circulating a new novel. Modeled on an emerging corporate genre, the CEO autobiography, and filtered through a prose style reminiscent of Jack Kerouac, the manuscript is titled On the Roast. Advertisements for Themselves In creating new channels and thus bringing an audience into being, today’s writers are not wholly without precedent or support. The early Fiction Collective and the American Book Review, a small press and a tabloid founded and run by writers for writers, were acts of practical imagination on the part of Sukenick, Raymond Federman, Steve Katz, and others who were frozen out of the New York publishing scene in the early seventies. Around the same time, from within the publishing mainstream, Thomas Pynchon could still flummox a Pullitzer prize committee with grinning coprophageous passages in Gravity’s Rainbow (1973). And none of this would have been possible without earlier challenges to U.S. obscenity law by Mailer, Henry Miller, William S. Burroughs, Terry Southern, and Vladimir Nabokov. Important as each of these novelists are in themselves and in the history of American fiction, the environment of unfettered speech and self-advertisement they helped create might well outlive any single literary work by any one of them.

Then again, without these literary challenges to bourgeois speech norms, the renovation of the advertising industry by a hip and self-conscious sensibility with control over its own pornographic power would not have been possible, either.

Candy, Cherry, Lolita, the cybernetic bombshell, V.: the blonde is capable of strange love and much variety, but throughout the sixties she remained the one subject for the American author on the make.

A dissertation project for the nineties: the history of American literature in blurbs. Mark asks, is it widely known:

… that Sukenick & Pynchon went to Cornell together when Nabokov was teaching there? That Southern gave the key blurb to both Pale Fire (1962) and The Kafka Chronicles (1993)? That Mailer blurbed Southern? There’s a lineage of blurbs underlying the tradition, too.

A writer-publisher such as Sukenick, author of The Death of the Novel and Other Stories (1969), knew as well as anybody that a transformation was under way in the forms of literary fiction and its channels of distribution. But none of the early Fiction Collective writers, not even the guerilla contingent that wanted nothing more than to destroy literary culture altogether, could have imagined the speed with which the new networks would outgrow, and in some degree obviate, traditional print channels. The experimentation of a Sukenick or a Federman or a William Gass, writers whose training was literary through and through but who also had a bead on developments in philosophy and the visual arts, may have had unintended consequences for the fiction of the future, in that their work opened the way for younger writers with equally subversive projects but no love of the literary medium.

What began as a project of formal experimentation, importing a Situationist aesthetic from the streets of Paris to the canvas of the printed page, thus evolves toward a hypertextual consciousness in which visual, verbal, sonic, and textual elements exist on the same platform as interchangeable bits. Hence, after a brief apprenticeship under such writers as Sukenick, Federman, and Robert Coover, it was only too easy for Amerika to journey out of the literary network altogether. In retrospect, his entre into the literary world was already an exit. As he recalls it:

Federman showed Coover my Amerika-At-War piece at the Novel for the Americas conference here in Boulder in 1992 and Coover liked it enough that he told me then that he was putting on another big Brown festival as a sequel to his first show featuring Barthelme, Gaddis, Gass, Barth, etc. This became the 1993 Unspeakable Practices Vanguard Narrative Festival celebrating both Fiction Collective 2 and its new series Black Ice Books (The Kafka Chronicles was sent directly from the printer to the fest, that’s how connected the timing was); this fest also celebrated Coover’s new interest, hypertext, particularly Eastgate disk-distributed hypertext, which I practically ignored, although there’s a funny story about Coover waking me up the last day of the fest to go to the last hypertext demo… Push Porn and FC2 A writer’s first creative act, his declaration of artistic independence, is to choose his precursors, As Amerika says, “and the thing that has always interested me most here is that they are older than me, no real "contemporaries,” tho I see all of the above as just that.“ His choice was determined in part by his friendship with Nile Southern, son of the novelist and Dr. Strangelove screenwriter, Terry Southern: Nile was my roommate in L.A. (1980-81) and we also worked and played together in NYC circa 1982-5 (he and his family are now living in Boulder); Nile, soon after I first moved to NYC (early 1983), was taking a course in Pomo Fiction and, knowing I felt isolated from my generation of fiction writers turned me on to two older writers he was just beginning to read and who he thought I had a lot in common with.

Amerika might never have gotten a start as a writer without Fiction Collective 2/Black Ice Books, successors to the original Fiction Collective founded by these "two older writers,” Federman and Sukenick. Without them and their past battles against censorship in particular, Amerika’s most individual quality–his language–would not have been possible. And perhaps not even legal. Mailer met the obscenity of napalm bombing and corporate newspeak with an obscene language all his own, in the nonfiction novel, The Armies of the Night (1968), and the underrated critifictional rant, Why Are We in Vietnam? (1967) By the early nineties, a new form of corporate pornography was being pushed at the country in the form of smart-bomb footage in the Persian Gulf War. It would be a few years yet before commercialization reached the Internet and ‘push’ marketing would place advertisements every day in every email in box. Amerika, however, is already pushing back with advertisements for himself.

“As if to say

"AMERIKA: THIS SCUD’S FOR YOU!” (The Kafka Chronicles)

An Amerikan apostrophe, this is an early example of the technique that would come to be known as avant-pop, which “uses the tools of the mass media to subvert it,” according to Amerika. Named by critic Larry McCaffery from the liner notes of a Lester Bowie LP, the avant-pop is an American update of what Guy Debord and the rest of the Situationists once called détournement, the re-engineering of a situation that turns media codes against themselves. Noting how corporate media manufactured consent for the Persian Gulf War, Amerika views it as “the ultimate moment of spectacle dystopia that the Situationists were into. There it was: the first live, online war that supported itself by simulating support.” (Interview with Alexander Lawrence, The L.A. Reader, April 28, 1995.) Translations from the French The perversely constructed war, which Jean Baudrillard sent up in his provocation, The Gulf War Never Took Place (1995 Indiana University Press), surely helped determine Amerika’s trajectory out and away from the literary environment into the larger media ecology where the time’s events were being scripted and surreally played out.

As the Fiction Collective (FC) founders helped to establish postmodernism in the United States by importing the Situationist aesthetic and some early productions of what would come to be called “theory,” so Amerika imported into The Kafka Chronicles and Sexual Blood (1995) elements of the French new novel. But with a difference. Through all the disruptions of the sixties and seventies, the FC Dads remained faithful enough to literature that they retained the page and the codex as their medium. America’s favorite son had learned a different ideal of authorship from Alain Robbe-Grillet, who was in-residence at the University of Florida for two of the years, 1979 and 1982, that Amerika attended. Mark spent the year in between studying film at UCLA, trying to hit on some homegrown approximation to the role of the French auteur, for whom art could be made in collaboration with other writers, graphic artists, actresses, vocalists, and musicians.

At Florida, he also took courses with Gregory Ulmer, author of the critical book, Applied Grammatology (1985). The professor who in the eighties conceived a project to televise Derridean theory and who is now working to computerize it, taught Mark the first lesson of deconstruction: that criticism is critifiction; that it doesn’t need to supplement or supplant creative action, but that it can itself be a means towards further invention. Besides that, most artists not ideologically opposed to theory are still more than a little turned on by it, even as its hold on academia releases. When GRAMMATRON was launched on June 26, 1997, to acclaim from The New York Times and The Village Voice, it came packaged with a companion theory guide, entitled Hypertextual ConsciousnessHTC for short. In Memoriam to Identity Amerika’s copy of Federman’s book, Surfiction, is inscribed, in typical Federmanian hyperbole:

to the first Post-Surfictionist

When it is no longer viable to compete with a consensual realism manufactured every day through numerous broadcast media, a writer hoping to have a cultural influence has nothing to fall back on except his insider knowledge of the machinery of fiction-making. The Surfictionist’s hope beyond hope is that writers will find a way of turning the book against its conventional role–as a support for unidirectional author-to-reader broadcasts–and shape it instead into a resistant medium of reception, reader-to-reader, surfer-to-Web surfer. The Surfictionist bares the devices, pulls out the stops, tosses in a monkey wrench, and strips the gears. He makes up new names and categories to compete with advertising and, on another front, to keep the “cacademics” busy for the next fifty years. He devises counter-categories and participates in counterfeit “movements” like avant-pop, then finally places the artist’s own creativity beyond categories.

But what about that “Post” in Federman’s inscription? After all the fictions have been dismantled and all the categories hollowed out, then what? That’s when the personal becomes the political, as Kathy Acker never tired of saying, and the political, pursued by power, pedagogy, and publicity to the very source of desire, becomes recognizable at last as the sexual. Acker’s the less-than-dutiful daughter who, virtually alone among women of her generation in the United States, brought a vocabulary of raw feminine energy into the aesthetic carved out (on the cannibalized body of world literature) by Burroughs, the Beats, and the FC Dads.

In her most famous act of pla(y)giarism, Acker once wrote an endorsement for a book she’d written and had it printed on the cover, over the name Alain Robbe-Grillet. I never attended one of Acker’s performance/readings. I never had the chance. But I’ve been to presentations by both Federman and Amerika and have watched some of the women in the audience walk out on both occasions, heads shaking in disbelief. Not out of disgust or distaste for dirty language–one of the occasions was the International Conference of Postmodern Piracy and Transgendered Subjects, no less! Somehow, I sensed that the silent protesters would not have had any problem with an Acker story. Since both male writers have invested so much in sexual politics–for Amerika, as for Sonic Youth, all creativity comes from female imagination–a closer look at the disturbance may be in order. Erotic Robotics TM “Sexual Blood is the creative life-force that drives imaginative consciousness into being,” Mark says. “Now, what does that really mean? Sounds a little too metaphysical for my tastes.” And a little too close to New Age scientism for mine. But “Sexual Blood” also “refers to the feminine energy that informs some of contemporary art’s more interesting, open forms.” (Interview with Glen Brand, Plazm, September 1995.) The formal is the political also. Social arrangements between women and men find their formal analogue in the author-reader relation, as the move away from compulsory heterosexuality reaches expression in forms that are less author-centered, less forced.

In a writer such as Federman, compulsory heterosexuality mixes easily with urbanity. A typical Federman narrator might mix worldliness and conversational ease with raunchy memories of a youthful period spent on a farm, including the inevitable affair with the farmer’s wife. Here (and in most of Federman’s recent work) narrative experimentation amounts to little more than holding back the punch line, employing various hesitancies, qualifications, and excursions of doubtful relevance so as to increase suspense in the reader. Holding back. Compulsory heterosexuality in Federman’s work–if not a compulsive promiscuity in the life depicted there–is essentially a form of absence, made poignant in the case of a writer who lost his parents and two younger sisters to the Nazis during the French occupation, when he was still an adolescent. Compulsive sexuality is a way of preserving absence through physical intimacy, and a way of keeping control. The lost identity (and the loss of one’s family and culture, as poet Charles Bernstein insisted at the Postmodern Piracy conference, is nothing less than a personal extinction) is an absence that persists, and that remains in control of the self-creating lover.

Is it possible that the women walked out because the author was no longer there?

The sex in Amerika, in Acker, and in most of the Fiction Collective authors a generation or two after Federman, Sukenick, and Katz, is of another order altogether: postfeminist, queer, transgendered, and (in the age of AIDS) often merely clinical. As each and every deviation is “outed” and any norm becomes only one among many identifiable “preferences,” bourgeois privacy (a source of pathologies rich in literary potential) really and at last nears its end. Henceforth, all mystery will be exposed as mystification, each preference will be duly represented (in all senses of the term “representation,” political and aesthetic), and bureaucratic domination itself will take the place of the erotic.

In Cyberspace, nobody knows how sexy you really are.
GRAMMATRON

All anybody knows are your preferences. “Please wait while the machine reads you,” says Amerika’s GRAMMATRON before uploading the initial sequences. To know your preferences, the history of consumer choices and pattern of desire that’s readable through every credit card purchase you’ve ever made, is to know how you’re wired for pleasure. I really don’t think anyone with enough literacy to seek out GRAMMATRON is likely to be disturbed by its graphic sex. What disturbs, rather, are the implications about an ongoing disengagement from our embodied, intimate selves. What we have instead, in GRAMMATRON, are economic selves that are capable of being abstracted from the body and teletransported into electronic environments.

Isn’t that why the collaborators in jodi.org like to cite the hacker slogan, “We love your computer.” Because, according to jodi, “You are very close to a person when you are on his desktop. I think the computer is a device to get into someone’s mind.” Or someone’s wallet; or somebody’s pants: “I know you dig me, Abe,” says one of many multibreasted gendermorphs appearing on his screen in GRAMMATRON. “I’ve got your list of preferences right here in my swollen love pocket.” Market Amerika In store for the gendermorphs and other “unrepentant theory-sluts” (the dearest of readers to whom Hypertextual Consciousness is addressed) is a different, but oddly related, disembodiment. Another teletransportation. When economics reduces every item to a bar code and when all text, visuals, and sounds come down to a series of interchangeable bits on a single platform, that’s when information realizes its desire to be free. Not free of cost, but free of barriers to transformation, gender crossings and cross-border exchanges, corporate mergers, and other erasures of difference in the ongoing global emergency (emerging agency).

Such as the corporate merger between French grammatology and Amerika’s GRAMMATRON? “The truth is that the so-called ‘science of writing,’ which is what grammatology is, has been teleported to cyberspace for good, now.” Technology, Amerika says, can deconstruct the “language of thinking” by itself. Here’s where his thought comes close to a kind of techno-determinism, perhaps learned from hypertext critic George Landow at Brown University, whereby deconstruction and post-structuralist ideas in general have become embarrassingly literal in the new media environments. But if this is so, if our minds and bodies are already structured like virtual corporations that can be teleported into cyberspace as “hypertextual consciousness personified,” what chance is there left for resistance? (Conversation with Paul McEnery, 21C, April 1998.)

Amerika’s heavy investment in technology (and it’s a significant cultural and ecological investment, even if the technology is “free”) also implies a new literalism in the contemporary idea of the “avant-garde,” since innovation in the arts has become increasingly dependent on the computer industry’s ability to develop state-of-the-art interfaces. It may be true that Amerika, like Al Gore, invented the Internet. The politics and arts of our time demanded nothing less. But when thought is made literal in the design of the hardware and the tool is believed to be capable of supporting the unconscious, how soon before the Net begins inventing us?

This is not the first time that the exploration of a rhetorical and conceptual terrain (in cyberpunk fiction and in late-modernist limit-texts) would anticipate the outcome of a revolution in communications technology. Or a political revolution, if that’s in the cards. Like computer technology before the Internet, the technology of print existed decades before the idea of an “author” emerged. This would require struggles through the long 18th century for proprietorship over the chaotic production of books–in Samuel Johnson’s Grub Street and in the print shops and coffee houses of prerevolutionary America (as imagined, most recently, in Pynchon’s major novel, Mason and Dixon (1997), and as documented in Adrian Jones' magisterial history of print from the University of Chicago Press.) The form of decentered authorship sought by Amerika, freely available on the Web and grounded in a subjectivity that is “digital, intuitive, nomadic, and desperately trying to break free from the materiality of fettered culture,” will require more than a continued development of technical means for its realization. Virtual culture is still of the future, but the rhetorical and aesthetic means by which it will be imagined have circulated for some time now in the work of Pynchon, Coover, et al., if not in occasional precursors from earlier centuries such as Lautreamont, Samuel Johnson, and Lawrence Sterne. The recirculation of this tradition in writers of Amerika’s generation will determine what we make of the electronic technologies that are making us. The Corporate Raid on LiteratureGRAMMATRON is neither an “online novel” nor a straight hypertext with clickable links that readers can select when navigating between sections–although the GRAMMATRON assemblage certainly makes use of novelistic and hypertextual elements. What distinguishes Amerika’s project, its claim to priority as a work of imagination, is that it stands among the first literary works created to exist on the Web.

We are assuredly entering new territory when a novelist’s importance is grounded, not in content or “intellectual property,” but in the novel use of a medium. Net art not as a tool for distribution, but as an entity in itself: is this a prospect we can take seriously? Evidently, the Pompidou Center in Paris took the idea seriously enough to send out feelers in the summer of 1994, before Mark had even heard from Brown, who would later support the project for two years (in the form of a graduate fellowship and access to the school’s world class computer labs):

odd story. the pomp called me and wanted to exhibit GTRON just as I was developing it. it was very strange because at this point no one, except close friends, even knew I was building GTRON behind the scenes. I asked them how they found out about it and they changed the subject. I reworded my question and they reworded their evasion. Le Francaise. This is summer 1994; so the narrative scripting was coming to a head and the Net was still in limbo (no Netscape, no RealAudio, no Java, etc.). But I was adamant about it being a network installation and had, unbelievably, Paul Allen’s Interval Research (Allen cofounded Microsoft with Gates) ready to provide the server space and support from Palo Alto (my friend works there and liked the project). So I sent the pomp a fax from Palo Alto and later in my trip, from L.A., a follow-up fax. But THEY were adamant about getting GTRON on CD-ROM. Now, we could have dumped whatever data we developed onto a CD and sent it to them, but since the story’s central theme was so much about internetworking, I insisted on the net-installation (i.e., we serve the site from Palo Alto to their machine in the pomp, complete w/CU-See Me, etc.). But they stood firm ground and the contacts eventually disappeared.

The lost contact proved a blessing in disguise, because, according to Amerika, “GTRON was a much better work coming out 2 ½ years later after all of the Web developments, and enjoyed more attention than the pomp could ever bring to it.” At the Pompidou, GRAMMATRON would have been recognized, no doubt, as a breakthrough work of electronic writing–but a “work” that would have been still self-contained and marketable in the form of a produced object, the CD-ROM, for which reproductions can be monitored and thus commodified. Released in 1997 on the World Wide Web, GRAMMATRON became something different, a success of sorts but one that is hard to put a price on. It became, in short, a media event.

Let us return for a moment to one of the frames of Hypertextual Consciousness:

If a recent vestige of this being called Man was a circuit of property values whose personal or corporate (corporeal) identity was always already marked by the commodification of an existence teleporting itself through a late-capitalist society, then how does the entry of the cyborg-narrator into the value-added networks of cyberspace signal the radical-becoming of a new, more fluid subjectivity, one that is digital, intuitive, nomadic and desperately trying to break free from the materiality of fettered culture? Inter(ior)view How indeed? In approaching such an objectless work, the critic, no less than the cyberpunk protagonist, requires no small adjustment in outlook to grasp the “intuitive, nomadic” subjectivity of art on the Web.

Adopting a term from Deleuze and Guattari, McKenzie Wark speaks of the “vectors” connecting the experience of everyday life and the weirdness of media events. In his critical writing, Wark rejects the form of the scholarly article in favor of the essay, a method for registering the progress of one’s thought that seems best suited to the moment by moment interchanges that typify realtime posts and dialogues online. (Netletter #6, January 7, 1997) Amerika’s critifictions, essayistic to the core, find their proper improvisational home on the Web, a reception medium for infinitely reproduceable–because objectless and never “original”–communications.

I see that an email today from Vladislava Gordic, under NATO fire in Yugoslavia, was also copied to Amerika in the United States and to Wark in Australia, among others. “Sad emails from bloodyslave in Novi Sad,” Mark writes. Fewer and fewer peoples in different parts of the world can be thought of as Other.

Before long, V’s emails are bound to recirculate in wider, more public domains. Some of them were intended from the start for Rewired, a listserv. Others have appeared in the electronic book review at the altx site, as an unforeseen follow-up to the Eastern European special that V and I co-edited last year. America at war. After the bombing, when the leaders are (very likely) still in place, the refugees still in exile, and the location of power is unclear, the political outcome will be decided symbolically, in no small part by the emails that have been sent across national lines throughout the hostilities.

read only memory

History in the electronic era is more than ever contemporary history, an interpretation of written documents distributed and read in the time of the events and archived by individuals, not governments, in private caches and public web sites.

read only me-me
read only meme-me(s)
read only e-memes
read only my memes
read only phonemes
e only me-memes

Like electronic memory, and like the “working memory” that emerges from the mind’s inner speech during thought, cultural memory can be assembled from elementary units and reconstructed actively in the interpreting consciousness. Written resources such as emails, though material andobjective, are meaningful (as documents of witness) only insofar as they were at one point communicated to someone specific, at a definite moment in the course of events, and filed for further reference and recirculation at another level and a later date.

e:me
e:me
phone:me
phoneme

be only memory
be only me-memes
be only phonemes
be only e-memes

Insofar as the emails belong to both the sender and receiver, however, involvement is required even as identities are asserted, making suchcommunication always prone to violence.

re: me
re: e
re: meme

ream me

In all, I have perhaps 500 saved messages to and from Mark. There’s a part of me that must have imagined, all along, that some future historian of electronic writing would come along seeking insight into the early Indie Web scene in the Amerika/Tabbi correspondence dating from the winter of 1995-1996. I don’t think I ever considered that the historian would be me, however.

Amerika’s the same way about email:

Sometime early on in my email life, I realized that I would never really have enough material for a “collected letters” and that, although email is sometimes frivolous or so off-the-cuff as to be inconsequential, there are indeed hi-stories being produced in the telecommunicactive environment enabled by the network technology and one of those hi-stories, now marked with some degree of network-value, is ours.

While travelling, all of Amerika’s banking is done online. Easy money. He was in Boulder, Colorado, as much if not more than Providence, Rhode Island, during the two years “at” Brown when he was working on GRAMMATRON. What saved him from having to be in one place all of the time was email, and the record of his whereabouts over the past five to six years is in turn “saved” on Zip disks.

My recent trip to Australia is a good case in point. I was online 2 or 3 times a day, just like here in Boulder. 95% of my network-conduction continued smoothly–could have been on Mars as long as I had a local ISP provider. Invitations to festivals/conferences, Alt-X updates, regular reports to the company I was consulting with in Berkeley, etc., all of it went on as usual and my hi-story, being left in the email dust, was accumulating in the in/out boxes.

When I first got back, the first thing I did was archive all of the email “work” I had produced in the previous 3 months. At one point, in jet-lag speak, I started a new mantra, “Save - Save - Save - Save - Save” as I saved each email. What are we afraid of losing and how is that connected to “literary” history?

Everyday life as an ongoing online fiction that can be kept and gone back to, held in mind and thus shareable with others. This is where our culture is migrating, is where the economy is migrating, is where the most interesting “conceptual” experiments, mostly corporate, are beginning to take place (“nothing will have taken place but the place itself”–Mallarme).

So, where are all of the adventurous fiction writers of Amerika’s generation? What are their URLs? What are they afraid of losing?

Vladislava Gordic
http://www.altx.com/ebr/riposte/rip8/rip8gor.htm

Hypertextual Consciousness
http://www.altx.com/htc1.0

Netletter
http://www.ljudmila.org/nettime/zkp4

Thanks to Linda Brigham and Steve Dietz for constructive criticism during the drafting of the essay.

Joe Tabbi, Amerika, Ink, 1999.

Joe Tabbi, 1999. First published by Gallery 9/Walker Art Center for PHON:E:ME.